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We first consider the simple one-dimensional case in which electrons move freely along a line, such as through a very thin metal rod.
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The simplest model of a metal is the free electron model. Rather than sharing and exchanging electrons, a metal is essentially held together by a system of free electrons that wander throughout the solid. Metals, such as copper and aluminum, are held together by bonds that are very different from those of molecules. Calculate the energy levels and energy-level spacing of a free electron in a metal.Explain the quantum free-electron model of metals in terms of Pauli’s exclusion principle.Describe the classical free electron model of metals in terms of the concept electron number density.By the end of this section, you will be able to: